Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

49.2K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
49.2K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

646
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
646

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mpox clinical outcomes among people living with HIV and PrEP users: Findings from the MASH-1 multicentre cohort study.

HIV medicine·2026
Same author

Proof-of-Concept Phase 2a Trial of VH4524184 (VH-184), an Emerging Third-Generation Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor With an Enhanced Resistance Profile.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2026
Same author

Natural history of anal HSIL and predictive value of cytology and HPV biomarkers in MSM living with HIV: A prospective cohort study.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

Analysis of Infection Types, Pathogens, Antimicrobial Treatment, and Clinical Outcomes Data in Hospitalised Patients: Comprehensive Online Database for Antimicrobial Resistance (CODAR) Retrospective Pilot Study.

Journal of epidemiology and global health·2026
Same author

Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of imported dengue in travellers returning to Spain, 2022-2024.

Travel medicine and infectious disease·2026
Same author

Readiness Level of Spanish Labs to Detect Mpox Clade Ib: A Nationwide EQA.

Journal of medical virology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

10.5K

Changes in HIV-1 Reservoir Dynamics After Mpox Infection.

Guiomar Casado-Fernández1,2, Olivia de la Calle-Jiménez1,2, Inés Armenteros2,3,4

  • 1Immunopathology and Viral Reservoir Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Medical Virology
|November 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Past mpox infection significantly reduced the HIV-1 reservoir in people with HIV (PWH). Mpox (monkeypox virus) induced immune changes that may inform future HIV cure strategies.

Keywords:
CD4+ coinfectionHIV‐1MPXVT cellslymphocyte activationmpoxviral reservoir

More Related Videos

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

12.6K
Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
07:10

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Published on: January 7, 2019

16.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

10.5K
Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

12.6K
Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
07:10

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Published on: January 7, 2019

16.2K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Global outbreaks of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in 2022 and 2024 raised concerns, especially for immunocompromised individuals like people with HIV (PWH).
  • The persistent HIV-1 reservoir is a significant obstacle to achieving a cure for HIV/AIDS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of a past mpox infection on the dynamics of the HIV-1 reservoir in people with HIV.
  • To understand how mpox virus infection influences T-cell activation, proliferation, and homeostasis in the context of HIV-1 co-infection.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of HIV-1 reservoir size in PWH with and without a history of mpox infection.
  • Assessment of T-cell activation markers (CD32, Ki67), immune senescence/exhaustion markers (PD-1, LAG-3, CD57), and metabolic function in CD4+ T cells (TN, TCM).

Main Results:

  • PWH with a prior mpox infection exhibited a significantly smaller HIV-1 reservoir compared to MPXV-unexposed PWH.
  • Mpox infection was associated with enhanced antigen-driven proviral reactivation in CD4+ T cells (especially TCM) and increased T-cell activation markers.
  • Sustained immune stress was observed, including decreased CD4+ T naïve cells, elevated immune exhaustion markers, and impaired metabolic function in T cells.

Conclusions:

  • MPXV-induced immune activation leads to lasting alterations in T-cell homeostasis and modulates the HIV-1 reservoir.
  • Findings suggest potential implications for monitoring immune competence and vaccine responses in PWH co-infected with HIV and mpox.
  • Understanding HIV-1/MPXV interplay offers insights into using controlled proviral reactivation for HIV cure-oriented strategies.