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The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

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Minimum legal drinking age and educational outcomes.

Manuel Bagues¹, Carmen Villa²

¹Department of Economics, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.

Journal of Health Economics

|November 8, 2025

Summary

Raising the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) in Spain reduced adolescent alcohol consumption by up to 17%. This policy change also improved exam performance by 4% and decreased anxiety medication use, highlighting benefits for youth education and well-being.

Keywords:

Adolescence Alcohol Minimum legal drinking age PISA

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Adolescent Health
Educational Psychology

Background:

Many European nations have increased the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) from 16 to 18.
These policy shifts often involve comprehensive alcohol control measures.
Adolescent alcohol consumption remains a significant public health concern in Europe.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of MLDA reforms on educational outcomes in adolescents.
To quantify the effects of reduced teenage drinking on academic performance and mental health.

Main Methods:

Exploited the staggered implementation of MLDA changes across Spanish regions.
Analyzed changes in adolescent alcohol consumption, exam performance, and medication use (anxiolytics, hypnosedatives).
Controlled for other substance use, leisure habits, and study effort.

Main Results:

Adolescent alcohol consumption (ages 14-17) decreased by 7-17%.
Exam performance improved by 4% of a standard deviation.
Use of anxiolytics and hypnosedatives declined by 10%, indicating improved mental health.

Conclusions:

Increasing the MLDA is an effective strategy to reduce adolescent drinking and improve educational attainment.
Evidence supports the neurobiological link between alcohol, cognitive development, and anxiety.
Policy interventions aimed at curbing youth alcohol consumption offer a significant opportunity to enhance academic outcomes in Europe.