Harnessing exercise for brain health: BDNF, neuroplasticity & well-being

Physical activity is increasingly recognized not only for its physical benefits but also for its profound impact on brain health. We reviewed the effects of exercise on mood and cognition with a particular focus on the underlying biological mechanisms, notably brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuroplasticity. Emerging evidence indicated that exercise, particularly aerobic activity, elevates BDNF levels in key brain regions such as the hippocampus, fostering neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. These processes contribute to improved emotional regulation, alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety, while also enhancing cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Furthermore, we investigated the implications of these findings across diverse age cohorts, including children, adults, and older adults, to elucidate age-specific effects on neurobiological processes such as growth, survival, differentiation, and neurogenesis. We also propose future research directions to enhance understanding of these mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on the therapeutic potential of physical activity as a broadly accessible intervention for promoting mental health and cognitive function across the lifespan.