The Construction and Application of Teacher-student Interaction Evaluation Index System for Smart Classrooms to...

Evaluating the teacher-student interaction (TSI) in smart classrooms (SCs) is critical for fostering higher-order thinking (HOT) in primary and secondary education. To address the lack of a scientifically grounded evaluation framework, this study developed a comprehensive evaluation index system. Through a content analysis of HOT-oriented literature, 60 observation items were identified, forming an initial framework with six primary and 20 secondary indicators. Two rounds of Delphi consultations with 25 experts were conducted, and statistical measures-including the mean score, mode, full-score rate, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation-were applied to refine and validate the indicators. The finalized system comprises five primary indicators, 18 secondary indicators, and 52 observation points. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the weighting coefficients for each indicator were calculated. Drawing on Bloom's Revised Taxonomy, TSI was further categorized into six cognitive levels-remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating-with corresponding operational descriptors. A measurement method was established to assess the overall TSI level in smart classrooms. Validation through classroom observations confirmed the system's applicability. This study provides a theoretically sound and statistically validated tool for assessing teacher-student interaction in smart classrooms, offering practical value for promoting higher-order thinking, supporting teacher professional development, and informing instructional design and evaluation.