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Differentiating Creatine and Phosphocreatine In Vivo Using 3 T 1H MR Spectroscopy.

Ralph E Hurd1, Meng Gu1, Philip M Adamson2

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Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|November 9, 2025
PubMed
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Proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) can accurately measure creatine and phosphocreatine (PCr) in vivo. Adjusting LCModel settings reduces bias from background signals, improving quantitation for PCr dynamic studies.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroimaging
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique for measuring metabolites in vivo.
  • Accurate quantification of creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) is crucial for understanding cellular energetics.
  • LCModel is a widely used software for analyzing MRS data, but can be susceptible to fitting biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate and improve the in vivo proton MRS measurement of creatine and phosphocreatine at 3 Tesla.
  • To investigate and mitigate fitting biases in LCModel analysis of Cr and PCr spectra.
  • To assess the impact of lineshape, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and non-metabolite backgrounds on quantitation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spectral simulations to evaluate LCModel fitting performance.
  • Focused on phosphocreatine and creatine quantification, exploring spline regularization settings.
  • Investigated the influence of non-metabolite backgrounds on spectral fitting accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Default LCModel settings provide excellent Cr and PCr fitting estimates in the absence of non-metabolite backgrounds.
  • Non-metabolite backgrounds introduce bias dependent on lineshape, SNR, and background signal characteristics.
  • Flexible spline regularization in LCModel significantly mitigates fitting bias, enabling reliable PCr dynamic studies.

Conclusions:

  • Default LCModel settings can lead to significant bias when non-metabolite signals are present.
  • A modified LCModel setup enhances the quantitation of phosphocreatine and reduces bias for other metabolites.
  • Improved quantitation supports the use of proton MRS for dynamic phosphocreatine studies.