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Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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Glyphosate and Triton X-100 single-competitive sorption-desorption analysis through kinetic and equilibrium

Hamid Moghimi1,2, Mohaddeseh Mousavi Nezhad3, Marijke Huysmans2

  • 1Porous Materials and Processes Modelling Research Group, School of Engineering, the University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|November 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that Triton X-100 has minimal soil sorption, while glyphosate sorption increases with soil minerals. Competitive conditions and higher Triton X-100 concentrations reduce glyphosate sorption and slow down soil contaminant equilibrium.

Keywords:
GlyphosateGroundwater contaminationKinetic-equilibrium analysisMaximum likelihood methodSingle-competitive sorption–desorptionTriton X-100

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Soil Science
  • Agrochemicals

Background:

  • Pesticide and surfactant migration in soil poses risks to groundwater quality.
  • Understanding competitive sorption-desorption is crucial for assessing leaching potential of agrochemicals.
  • Previous models often simplify the complex interactions between co-contaminants in soil.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sorption-desorption dynamics of glyphosate and Triton X-100 under single and competitive conditions.
  • To develop and apply an advanced inverse model (maximum likelihood method) for characterizing these processes.
  • To compare equilibrium and kinetic frameworks and evaluate the influence of soil properties and compound interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Batch experiments were conducted to gather sorption-desorption data.
  • A maximum likelihood algorithm-based inverse model was developed to estimate key sorption-desorption parameters.
  • Single and competitive isotherms were integrated into the modeling framework.
  • Kinetic analysis was performed to understand the rate-limiting steps.

Main Results:

  • Triton X-100 exhibited minimal sorption (max capacity 0.2 mg/gsoil), unaffected by soil type or glyphosate presence.
  • Glyphosate sorption (max capacity up to 27 mg/gsoil) increased with soil minerals (up to 45%) and showed higher sorption-desorption ratios under kinetic control.
  • Competitive conditions reduced glyphosate sorption by up to 10%, with further reduction at higher Triton X-100 concentrations. Kinetic analysis revealed a rapid initial sorption phase (approx. 70%) followed by slower equilibrium attainment, with Triton X-100 extending this phase and delaying equilibrium.

Conclusions:

  • Soil mineralogy significantly enhances glyphosate sorption, influencing its environmental fate.
  • The presence of Triton X-100, especially at higher concentrations, negatively impacts glyphosate sorption and prolongs the time to reach equilibrium, increasing leaching risk.
  • The developed maximum likelihood method provides a robust approach for quantifying complex sorption-desorption behaviors in environmental matrices.