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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Electrolysis

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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

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Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen...
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Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Redox-Active Halide Catholytes for Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

Guang Sun1, Zhenyou Song1, Yiming Dai1

  • 1Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|November 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Redox-active halide catholytes enhance all-solid-state lithium batteries by adding capacity and improving ion transport. These materials offer a promising path for safer, high-energy storage solutions.

Keywords:
extra capacityhalideredox‐active catholytesolid‐state batterysolid‐state electrolyte

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Ionics

Background:

  • All-solid-state lithium batteries are crucial for electric vehicles and grid storage due to safety and stability.
  • Current designs use inert solid-state electrolytes (SEs) as catholytes, adding inactive mass and reducing overall capacity.
  • Developing active catholytes is essential to improve energy density and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review highlights emerging redox-active halide catholytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries.
  • It focuses on Li-containing transition metal halides that combine redox activity with ionic-electronic conductivity.
  • The aim is to outline design principles and summarize recent progress in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of solid-state ionics and electronic band structure principles.
  • Analysis of Fe-, V-, and Ti-based redox-active halide catholytes.
  • Investigation of material dynamics during electrochemical cycling.

Main Results:

  • Redox-active halide catholytes contribute an additional 20-50% reversible capacity in composite cathodes.
  • These materials simultaneously reduce electronic transport tortuosity.
  • Fe-, V-, and Ti-based compounds show promising electrochemical performance.

Conclusions:

  • Redox-active halide catholytes offer a significant advancement for high-performance solid-state batteries.
  • Future directions include new material discovery, anion-sublattice engineering, and understanding interface evolution.
  • Exploring anionic-redox processes presents another avenue for further development.