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Coulometry: Overview01:00

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Coulometry is one of the rapid, most accurate, and precise analytical techniques that determine the quantity of an analyte by measuring the electrical charge needed for its complete electrolysis without using any analytical standards. The total charge passed during electrolysis correlates with the analyte amount by Faraday's laws of electrolysis. For accurate coulometric measurements, a charge equal to Faraday's constant multiplied by the number of electrons involved in the relevant...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Crystal Field Theory
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Initial Coulombic Efficiency as a Descriptor of Structural Evolution in Layered Cathode Materials.

Ge Qu1, Fangzhou Yang1, Yunhui Huang2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Understanding initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) loss in lithium-ion battery cathodes is key. This study differentiates kinetic and structural causes of ICE loss, revealing ICE as a diagnostic tool for material design.

Keywords:
initial coulombic efficiencylayered cathodephase transitionspace charge layer

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Maximizing energy density in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) depends on cathode initial coulombic efficiency (ICE).
  • Significant ICE differences exist between ternary cathodes (NCM) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO).
  • Fundamental causes of ICE loss, especially kinetic vs. structural contributions, are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Systematically investigate mechanisms behind ICE loss in layered cathodes.
  • Differentiate roles of lithium-ion diffusion and structural degradation in ICE loss.
  • Establish ICE as a physical descriptor correlating with phase transitions and structural evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of apparent and real irreversible capacities.
  • Analysis of the relationship between charging cut-off voltage and ICE.
  • Investigation of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode behavior.

Main Results:

  • Below 4.1 V, ICE loss in NCM811 primarily stems from lithium diffusion kinetics, recoverable via constant-voltage discharge.
  • Above 4.1 V, irreversible capacity loss is attributed to irreversible phase transitions and lattice distortion.
  • ICE is shown to correlate with reversible phase transitions and structural evolution.

Conclusions:

  • ICE is directly linked to structural changes in layered cathodes.
  • ICE serves as a key diagnostic tool for probing phase transitions.
  • Findings offer insights for designing next-generation high-efficiency LIB materials.