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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

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Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts
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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts

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MXene-Based Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction.

Zhekai Song1, Shiyuan Fan2, Zhijie Cui1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MXene materials show promise as catalysts for ammonia (NH3) synthesis via the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). This review details MXene properties and their potential to overcome current NRR challenges for sustainable ammonia production.

Keywords:
MXene‐based materialscatalystnitrogen reduction reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Ammonia (NH3) is crucial for fertilizers and clean energy.
  • The Haber-Bosch process is energy-intensive and environmentally problematic.
  • Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) offers a sustainable alternative but faces efficiency challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the composition, characteristics, and production of MXene materials.
  • To summarize recent advancements in MXene-based catalysts for NRR.
  • To identify challenges and future directions for MXene NRR catalyst development.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review on MXene materials and their application in NRR catalysis.
  • Analysis of MXene properties relevant to catalytic activity, including structure, surface area, and conductivity.
  • Synthesis of recent research findings on MXene-based NRR catalysts.

Main Results:

  • MXenes possess unique 2D layered structures, large surface areas, and high conductivity, making them suitable for NRR catalysis.
  • Recent studies show significant potential for MXene-based materials in improving NRR performance.
  • Despite progress, challenges in faradaic efficiency and ammonia yield rate persist.

Conclusions:

  • MXene-based materials are highly promising catalysts for sustainable ammonia synthesis via NRR.
  • Further research is needed to optimize MXene catalysts and address current limitations.
  • This review provides scientific direction for future development of MXene NRR catalysts.