Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy and Autoimmune Diseases in the Nervous System

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Immunotherapy
• Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

• Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, initially for blood cancers, is now explored for autoimmune diseases.
• CAR-T cells precisely target pathogenic immune cells, potentially restoring immune homeostasis in neuroimmunological disorders.
• Conditions like myasthenia gravis (MG), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are targets.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review mechanisms, targets, safety, and applications of CAR-T therapy in nervous system autoimmune diseases.
• To summarize findings from relevant publications and clinical trials up to September 2025.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of publications and clinical trial data.
• Focus on CAR-T therapy in autoimmune diseases of the nervous system.

Main Results:

• CD19- and BCMA-directed CAR-T therapies deplete autoreactive B cells, improving symptoms with low toxicity.
• Novel CAR-T constructs (CAAR-T, CAR-Treg) improve specificity and tolerance.
• Innovations like allogeneic CAR-T, in vivo engineering, and CRISPR switches enhance potential and accessibility.

Conclusions:

• CAR-T therapy is a promising treatment for refractory neuroautoimmune diseases.
• It offers precise immune network modulation for long-term remission.
• CAR-T therapy represents a personalized immunotherapy approach in neuroimmunology.