Carbon quantum dots for environmental catalysis: green synthesis, surface functionalization, and interface...

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), an emerging class of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, exhibit tunable electronic structures, abundant surface functionalities, and outstanding optical and electronic properties. These features endow CQDs with remarkable potential in environmental catalysis, particularly for solar- and electricity-driven chemical transformations. This review highlights recent advances by our research group in green and controllable synthesis of CQDs and their molecular-level surface functionalization strategies for photo- and electrocatalytic applications. We summarize recent progress in integrating CQDs into catalytic systems through surface modification, nanostructure regulation, interface engineering, and covalent heterojunction construction. Representative examples, including CO₂ reduction, oxygen reduction, and water electrolysis, are discussed to elucidate the structure-activity relationships and reaction mechanisms of CQD-based catalysts. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities toward precise design, scalable preparation, and practical deployment of CQD-derived catalytic materials. This feature article aims to provide valuable guidance for developing next-generation CQD-based catalysts for sustainable energy conversion.