Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Cyprus: A Population-Based Cancer Registry Study and Policy Implications

Oral cancer is a major global health issue, with prognosis limited by late diagnosis and aggressive behavior. Although Cyprus has reported a low incidence historically, recent increases highlight the need for epidemiological assessment.

A retrospective population-based study analyzed oral cancer cases recorded from 1998 to 2021. Cases were identified using ICD-10 codes. Demographic variables (sex, age), tumor site, and staging were examined. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated to assess trends.

A total of 1,070 oral cancer cases were identified (1.4% of all cancers), with a male predominance (688 men (64.3%) and 382 women (35.7%)). Most patients were aged ≥55 years (69.8%), while 29% were <55. Incidence increased over time, especially for cancers of the tongue and oral cavity. Localized disease was the single largest category (38% overall; 46% among cases with known stage), while 6% had distant metastases. Although incidence in Cyprus is below global averages, recent trends reflect those in developed countries.

The rising incidence of oral cancer in Cyprus highlights the need for targeted public health strategies. Initiatives should focus on reducing risk factors, raising awareness among professionals and the public, and improving screening to enhance early detection.