Unravelling cognitive decline among elderly in rural communities: A cross-sectional study

Dementia is a major cause of disability among older adults. The global burden of dementia is expected to triple by 2050, with developing countries, witnessing a sharp increase. Early detection and management through screening programs can mitigate the progression of cognitive decline.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of cognitive impairment among older adults residing in rural areas.

An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among older individuals residing in rural communities. A three-stage cluster sampling method was employed to select 350 participants. Cognitive screening was performed using the Hindi Mental State Examination, with a score ≤23 indicating cognitive impairment. Data on socio-demographics, clinical parameters, and functional abilities were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 26.

The prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) was 24.9% (n = 87), with the majority presenting with mild CI (87.4%). CI was significantly higher among females (33.9%) (AOR: 3.2, 1.7-6.01). Key predictors of CI included advanced age (AOR: 3.4, 1.8-6.7), widowhood (AOR: 2.2, 1.5-4.1), and functional limitations [activities of daily living and instrumental ADL (ADL and IALD)] (AOR: 9.71 and 11.22, respectively). A significant positive correlation was found between overall Hindi mental state examination (HMSE) score and anthropometric measures, with the strongest association observed with height (r = 0.47, P < 0.001), followed by weight (r = 0.37, P < 0.001).

Cognitive impairment is the highly prevalent among the elderly in rural areas, with multiple socio-demographic and behavioral factors contributing to its occurrence. Implementing routine cognitive screening and promoting physical activity, social engagement, and healthy lifestyle practices are essential for early detection and intervention.