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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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The Global Spatial Co-Variation Between Crop Diversity and Landscape Heterogeneity.

Erin Gleeson1, Graham K MacDonald1

  • 1Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Global Change Biology
|November 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Global analysis reveals crop diversity increases with landscape diversity, especially with varied non-crop land cover and smaller field sizes. This relationship is strongest in moderate agricultural landscapes, informing multifunctional landscape design.

Keywords:
Shannon diversityagricultureagrobiodiversitycroplanddiversificationdiversity gapslandscape complexityland‐cover change

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Ecology
  • Biodiversity Studies

Background:

  • Understanding biodiversity in agricultural landscapes is crucial for sustainable farming.
  • The relationship between crop diversity and landscape heterogeneity is underexplored globally.
  • Previous studies focused on local scales, limiting global insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the global relationship between crop species diversity and landscape heterogeneity.
  • To identify key landscape features influencing crop diversity worldwide.
  • To provide insights for designing multifunctional agricultural landscapes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of global spatial datasets covering 19,505 agricultural landscapes.
  • Calculation of crop and landscape diversity using Shannon entropy.
  • Statistical modeling using quantile generalized additive models (QGAM).

Main Results:

  • Crop diversity positively correlates with landscape (land cover) diversity globally.
  • The relationship is strongest with diverse non-crop land cover and moderate cropland extent (25%-75%).
  • Small agricultural field sizes and high topographic heterogeneity are associated with higher crop diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Landscape heterogeneity, particularly diverse non-crop land cover and configurational aspects, significantly influences crop diversity.
  • Findings support landscape-scale farm diversification strategies for multifunctional agriculture.
  • Global insights can guide sustainable agricultural landscape design.