Optimizing Type 1 Diabetes Screening in People With Family History: A German Perspective

Individuals with a family history of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at significantly higher risk of developing T1D compared to the general population. Before its clinical onset, individuals with T1D can be identified through islet autoantibody (IAb) testing which, if multiple IAbs are detected, justifies the diagnosis of early-stage T1D. Amid rising global T1D incidence, we outline Germany's strategy for early detection and management focused on individuals with a family history and, where informative, implementation lessons are illustrated using findings from the German Fr1da general-population study. Genetic risk factors for T1D development in individuals with family history are discussed, as well as impacts of positive screening results including influence on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) rates and psychological aspects. In parallel, recommendations and consensus guidelines from other national screening efforts are introduced. Building on this, we address challenges in nationwide T1D family-based screening integration and explore leveraging health care systems for cost-effective implementation. We also provide practical aspects to overcome barriers for family-based T1D screening and introduce monitoring strategies in individuals with early-stage T1D. With the advent of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for delaying T1D progression, there is now a rationale at hand that offers an IAb screening incentive. Collectively, we emphasize the critical role of early detection and monitoring among at-risk relatives in mitigating the burden of T1D on individuals, families, and health care systems.