Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Artificial intelligence in geriatric healthcare: a scoping review.

BMC geriatrics·2026
Same author

Sequential immune-related nephritis and pneumonitis during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a case report.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis initially misdiagnosed as bowel obstruction: a case report.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Novel Monolithic CAVET-HEMT Integration for Inverting-Switch Operation.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Vertebral involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease: a case report of non-BRAF-driven diagnosis and treatment challenges.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Recurrent self-limiting abdominal pain with bowel wall edema misdiagnosed as gastroenteritis: a case report of C1-inhibitor-deficient hereditary angioedema.

Frontiers in medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
11:38

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

19.0K

Structurally Optimized MPAC Oxygen-Heterocycle-Based Interface Defect Passivators for Stable Spiro-OMeTAD-Enhanced

Jingjing Liu1, Rui Yang2, Yuling Wu1

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New interfacial layers significantly boost perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance and stability by passivating surface defects. MPAC-PR, MPAC-TP, and MPAC-TT molecules enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device longevity.

Keywords:
defect passivationenergy band structureinterfacial layer materialsperovskite solar cellsstability

More Related Videos

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

6.7K
Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
05:15

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Published on: February 3, 2021

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
11:38

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

19.0K
In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

6.7K
Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
05:15

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Published on: February 3, 2021

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) face challenges in energy loss and stability, hindering commercialization.
  • Surface and interface defects in perovskite layers are primary causes of low power conversion efficiency (PCE) and poor device stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel interfacial layer materials for n-i-p structured PSCs.
  • To passivate surface interface defects and enhance the efficiency and stability of PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and application of three small molecules (MPAC-PR, MPAC-TP, MPAC-TT) as interfacial layers.
  • Characterization of film quality, thermal stability, and charge transport properties.
  • Fabrication and testing of PSC devices with the developed interfacial layers.

Main Results:

  • MPAC-PR, MPAC-TP, and MPAC-TT exhibit excellent thermal stability and charge transport.
  • Perovskite films treated with these materials show improved quality.
  • PSC devices achieved higher PCEs (23.14%, 23.64%, 22.94%) compared to standard devices (21.93%).
  • The hydrophobicity of the interfacial layers enhanced device stability in air.

Conclusions:

  • The developed small molecules effectively passivate perovskite surface defects.
  • These molecules function as bifunctional layers, improving defect passivation and Spiro-OMeTAD compatibility.
  • The novel interfacial layers offer a promising strategy for advancing PSC technology.