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Related Concept Videos

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Microbial Nutrition01:28

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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements
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Brain Nutrient Sensing: A Unifying Framework.

Clemence Blouet1,2, Gary J Schwartz3,4

  • 1Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;

Annual Review of Physiology
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This summary is machine-generated.

The brain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Whole-body nutrient homeostasis is vital for growth, reproduction, and survival.
  • Brain nutrient sensing plays a key role in maintaining this balance.
  • Dysfunctional nutrient sensing is linked to diseases like obesity, cardiometabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a conceptual framework on brain nutrient sensing's role in adaptive responses.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding brain nutrient sensing.
  • To explore therapeutic potential beyond obesity management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature and advances.
  • Synthesis of evidence into a coherent conceptual framework.
  • Examination of neural pathways involved in nutrient sensing and homeostasis.

Main Results:

  • Brain nutrient-sensing cells monitor nutrients and meal signals.
  • These cells provide feedback to maintain nutrient availability and adapt physiology.
  • Maladaptive pathways contribute to various pathophysiological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Brain nutrient sensing is crucial for adaptive systemic physiology and behavior.
  • These neural pathways represent potential therapeutic targets for diverse diseases.
  • Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms linking brain nutrient sensing to health and disease.