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Determining A1C Normal Values in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Jason P Dufour1, Lara Doyle-Meyers1, Kathrine Falkenstein1

  • 1Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS
|November 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers established normal glycated hemoglobin (A1C) ranges in rhesus macaques, crucial for diabetes research. This study found higher A1C levels in males, providing a vital reference for nonhuman primate models of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Keywords:
A1C, glycated hemoglobinBCS, body condition scoreNHP, nonhuman primateT2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitusTNPRC, Tulane National Primate Research Center

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Primate Research

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health issue.
  • Nonhuman primates (NHPs), especially rhesus macaques, are vital models for T2DM research due to physiological similarities with humans.
  • Establishing species-specific normal ranges for key metabolic markers like glycated hemoglobin (A1C) is essential for accurate research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the normal range of glycated hemoglobin (A1C) in healthy, adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
  • To establish a reliable reference standard for A1C levels in this NHP model for future diabetes studies.
  • To investigate potential correlations between A1C, blood glucose, age, weight, and sex in rhesus macaques.

Main Methods:

  • Collected blood samples from 210 healthy, nonobese Indian rhesus macaques (ages 5-10).
  • Measured A1C using the A1CNow+ kit and blood glucose via point-of-care glucometer and laboratory analysis.
  • Utilized statistical analyses including Shapiro-Wilks tests, regression, and correlation coefficients in R.

Main Results:

  • The mean A1C value in healthy adult rhesus macaques was 5.92% (range: 4.4%-9.9%).
  • Male macaques exhibited significantly higher mean A1C levels (6.07%) compared to females (5.69%) (P=0.004).
  • No significant correlations were found between A1C and blood glucose, weight, body condition score, or age, though sex and weight showed interaction when excluding outliers.

Conclusions:

  • This study establishes the first comprehensive reference range for A1C in healthy adult rhesus macaques.
  • The determined normal A1C values are higher than previously reported for NHPs and human standards.
  • These findings are critical for advancing T2DM research using rhesus macaques as a model, enhancing understanding of the disease in both NHP and human populations.