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Entropy

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...

Entropy

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...

Entropy and Solvation

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Published on: September 19, 2012

Informational Entropy-Based Value Formation: A New Paradigm for a Deeper Understanding of Value.

Quan-Hoang Vuong^1,2, Viet-Phuong La^1,3, Minh-Hoang Nguyen¹

¹Centre for Interdisciplinary Social Research, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Evaluation Review

|November 10, 2025

Summary

This study proposes a new informational entropy-based value concept, integrating subjective and objective factors. This novel framework aids interdisciplinary research in addressing global challenges by unifying diverse value definitions.

Keywords:

GITT Granular Interaction Thinking Theory entropy humanities information-processing perspective interdisciplinary research nature-human nexus social sciences value

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Area of Science:

Interdisciplinary studies
Socio-economic sciences
Information theory

Background:

Global challenges like climate change and inequality require interdisciplinary solutions.
A clear understanding of value is crucial for socio-cultural and economic transitions.
Existing value definitions are inconsistent across disciplines and lack a unified framework.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel perspective on value using granular interaction thinking theory.
To propose an informational entropy-based notion of value.
To provide a comprehensive framework for interdisciplinary research on value.

Main Methods:

Grounded the framework in quantum mechanics and Shannon's information theory.
Integrated subjective and objective considerations using mindsponge theory.
Developed an informational entropy-based definition of value.

Main Results:

The proposed framework bridges diverse value concepts (economic, psychological, social, ethical).
It offers a unifying perspective compatible with interdisciplinary research.
The informational entropy-based notion of value enhances analytical effectiveness.

Conclusions:

Granular interaction thinking theory provides a valuable framework for understanding value.
This approach facilitates translating quantum mechanics insights into socio-cultural and economic contexts.
The novel value concept enriches theoretical discourse and practical application for global challenges.