Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Karamara forest patches, Eastern Ethiopia

Wild edible plants (WEPs) play a vital role in ensuring food security, enhancing nutrition, and preserving cultural heritage, particularly in dryland ecosystems. In Eastern Ethiopia, the Karamara forest patches host a rich diversity of WEPs; however, comprehensive ethnobotanical documentation remains scarce. This study aimed to document the diversity, utilization patterns, seasonal availability, and indigenous knowledge of WEPs, as well as to assess associated threats and conservation practices.

A cross-sectional ethnobotanical survey was conducted from February 2023 to January 2024 involving 64 informants selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, market surveys, and guided field walks. Voucher specimens were collected and identified using the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea and verified with digital plant databases such as the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) and Plants of the World Online (POWO). Quantitative analyses included Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Preference and Direct Matrix Ranking. Statistical analyses (t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation) were used to examine variations in ethnobotanical knowledge across gender, age, literacy, and experience.

A total of 42 WEP species, belonging to 32 genera and 24 families, were documented, with shrubs (50%) and trees (33.3%) as the dominant growth forms. Fruits (69%) and leaves (14%) were the most commonly consumed parts. Amaranthus caudatus L., Ficus sycomorus L., and Ziziphus mucronata Willd. were the most preferred species. Ethnobotanical knowledge showed significant variation among informant groups (P < 0.05). Seasonal availability, collection methods, and marketability patterns reflected local adaptive strategies. Major threats identified included firewood collection, charcoal production, overgrazing, and drought. Community-based management and integration of WEPs into home gardens were recognized as promising conservation approaches.

WEPs in the Karamara forest patches play a vital role in supporting dietary diversity, livelihoods, and cultural identity. Sustainable management, participatory conservation, and systematic documentation of indigenous knowledge are essential for safeguarding both biodiversity and food security in the region. Future studies should prioritize investigating the nutritional composition, phytochemical properties, and pharmacological potential of WEPs to ensure their safe utilization and explore broader applications.