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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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Single-Neuron Responses to Odor-Related Words in the Human Amygdala.

Marlene Derner1, Leila Chaieb1, Roy Cox2

  • 1Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The amygdala processes the odor aspect of words, integrating sensory information for emotional and social evaluation. This study reveals how olfactory word processing occurs in the brain.

Keywords:
continuous recognition paradigmmedial temporal lobeodor‐associated neuronsolfactionsingle‐unit recordings

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Olfactory Perception

Background:

  • Human imaging shows word processing involves networks beyond language areas, reflecting meaning.
  • The role of olfactory perception in word processing remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate odor aspects of word processing in mediotemporal lobe regions.
  • Examine neural ensemble activity in response to odor-related words.

Main Methods:

  • Single-neuron recordings in human piriform cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortex.
  • Analyzed neural activity in response to odor-related versus control words.
  • Identified stimulus-responsive and odor-associated neurons.

Main Results:

  • Converging evidence for odor-associated responses to words in the amygdala.
  • Increased ensemble activity and a significant proportion of odor-associated neurons found in the amygdala.
  • Detected stimulus-responsive neurons across studied mediotemporal regions.

Conclusions:

  • The amygdala integrates information across sensory modalities, including olfactory word aspects.
  • Findings extend the understanding of the amygdala's role in evaluating emotional and social significance of stimuli.
  • Suggests olfactory processing of words contributes to their overall meaning and significance.