Plant-based protein nanofibers: A comprehensive review of fabrication techniques, structural properties, and...

Plant-based protein nanofibers (PNFs) are gaining recognition as sustainable, multifunctional nanomaterials with wide-ranging applications in food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and packaging industries. Fabricated using methods like electrospinning, self-assembly, and phase separation, plant PNFs offer advantages such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, tunable porosity, and the ability to encapsulate and deliver bioactive compounds. Compared to animal-derived proteins, plant proteins are safer, healthier, and reduce the risk of allergenicity and animal-borne pathogens. Recent developments leverage underutilized protein sources, including fava beans, peas, and agri-food by-products, supporting circular economy principles and expanding PNF functionality. Applications include scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, and active or smart food packaging to enhance shelf life and safety. Plant PNFs also show promise in reproductive healthcare, cosmetics, and environmental uses. Despite these advances, challenges remain in standardizing fabrication, ensuring consistency, and scaling up production. Further research is needed to optimize protein extraction, assess biocompatibility, and address regulatory hurdles for clinical and commercial use. This review summarizes the sources, fabrication methods, properties, and applications of plant PNFs, highlighting innovations and future opportunities for sustainable nanofiber materials.