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FPGA-based hardware implementation of integrated FEC equalization in bandwidth-efficient IM/DD optical

Yucai Tian, Junyuan Song, Shaonan Liu

    Optics Express
    |November 11, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel integrated forward error correction (FEC) equalization scheme using polar decoded decision least mean square (PD-LMS) for optical PAM4 systems. The PD-LMS method enhances receiver sensitivity and significantly reduces hardware complexity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical communications
    • Signal processing
    • Error correction coding

    Background:

    • Intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) optical systems face challenges with inter-symbol interference (ISI) due to limited bandwidth.
    • Pulse Amplitude Modulation with 4 levels (PAM4) is crucial for high-speed optical interconnects but is sensitive to signal degradation.
    • Existing equalization techniques may not fully address both ISI mitigation and error correction efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and experimentally validate an integrated forward error correction (FEC) equalization scheme for optical PAM4 systems.
    • To leverage polar codes within a decision-assisted least mean square (LMS) algorithm for enhanced performance.
    • To reduce hardware complexity in practical implementations.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a polar decoded decision least mean square (PD-LMS) algorithm.
    • Integration of FEC capabilities with equalization for iterative weight optimization.
    • Experimental demonstration in a 160 Gb/s optical PAM4 system with a 5 GHz bandwidth.
    • Implementation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform with a reliability-driven pruning scheme.

    Main Results:

    • The PD-LMS scheme effectively mitigates inter-symbol interference (ISI).
    • A 1 dB improvement in receiver power sensitivity was achieved.
    • A significant 67% reduction in FPGA hardware computational complexity was realized.
    • Simultaneous equalization and FEC reliability enhancement were demonstrated.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed integrated FEC equalization strategy offers a robust solution for high-speed optical interconnects.
    • PD-LMS provides an effective method for balancing equalization performance and hardware efficiency.
    • The reliability-driven pruning scheme is key to simplifying FPGA implementation without compromising performance.