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Development of an Innovative LED-based Illumination Device for In Vitro Application of Photodynamic Therapy with Rose Bengal

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Advancing LED efficiency through 3D-printed light extraction structures: from design to demonstration.

Yang Yue, Kevin Chen, Hongyang Zhu

|November 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study uses 3D printing to create and test new light-emitting diode (LED) lens designs, optimizing light extraction efficiency (LEE) for better solid-state lighting.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Materials Science
Manufacturing Engineering

Background:

Traditional methods for fabricating microstructured LED lenses are costly and complex.
Advances in high-resolution 3D printing offer new possibilities for custom lens design.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an integrated modeling and experimental framework for optimizing light extraction efficiency (LEE) in LED lens design.
To explore the fabrication and performance of novel LED lens geometries using 3D printing.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of dome, cone, and semi-spherical array microstructured lenses using LCD-based 3D printing.
Optical performance evaluation using Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements of external quantum efficiency (EQE).
Validation of the integrated approach through strong agreement between simulated and experimental results.

Main Results:

Achieved optimal LEE for a dome lens (height-to-radius ratio 1.0), a cone lens (20° semi-angle), and a semi-spherical array (20x20).
The 20° cone lens demonstrated the highest overall LEE.
3D printing proved feasible, cost-effective, and tunable for microstructured LED lens fabrication.

Conclusions:

The integrated modeling and experimental framework reliably optimizes LED lens design.
3D printing enables rapid prototyping and customization of microstructured LED lenses.
This approach provides a practical pathway toward high-efficiency, application-specific solid-state lighting.