Electronically controlled nonlinear optical properties in tapered fiber-integrated MoS₂ saturable absorbers

Bias-voltage-controlled nonlinear optical properties have been achieved in tapered fiber-integrated MoS₂ saturable absorbers (SAs). At 1550 nm, modulation depth and saturation fluence of electronically controlled SAs are adjusted from 5.08 to 6.44% and 26.77 to 43.80 MW/cm² with the bias voltage due to the collaborative occupation process of photo and electric-induced carriers. Moreover, bias-voltage-induced changes in the single-pulse energy increasing from 5.07 to 6.92 nJ for the Q-switched mode and the pulse width ranging from 924 to 710 fs for the locked mode have been demonstrated by inserting electronically controlled SAs into the erbium-doped fiber laser ring cavity.