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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computational Physics
    • Atmospheric Optics

    Background:

    • Geometrical optics (GO) shows discrepancies with Mie theory for light scattering by spherical bubbles near the critical angle due to total reflection.
    • Previous physical optics (PO) approximations offer limited accuracy in this region.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a more accurate hybrid method for light scattering by spherical bubbles.
    • To improve the modeling of scattering intensity near the critical angle.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed a hybrid method combining the vectorial complex ray model (VCRM) with physical optics (PO).
    • VCRM rigorously calculates amplitude and phase on the virtual line within the ray model framework.
    • The hybrid method corrects scattering intensity in the critical region and reduces to GO elsewhere, ensuring a smooth transition.

    Main Results:

    • The VCRM+PO method significantly improves accuracy compared to rigorous Mie theory for light scattering by spherical bubbles.
    • The method naturally handles two polarization states.
    • Marston's approach can be recovered from VCRM+PO under specific approximations.

    Conclusions:

    • The VCRM+PO hybrid method offers a significant advancement in accurately modeling light scattering by spherical bubbles, especially near the critical angle.
    • The method's flexibility allows for potential extension to non-spherical bubbles.