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Sub-nanosecond optical underwater two-way time transfer using green semiconductor laser.

Dong Hou, Peng Zhang, Guangkun Guo

|November 11, 2025

Summary

High-precision underwater time transfer was achieved using a green laser system. This optical technique enables sub-nanosecond synchronization for underwater applications.

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Area of Science:

Optical Physics
Marine Technology
Precision Measurement

Background:

Accurate time transfer is crucial for various underwater applications, including navigation, communication, and scientific research.
Existing methods for underwater time synchronization face challenges due to signal attenuation and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a high-precision optical underwater two-way time transfer system.
To achieve sub-nanosecond-level time transfer accuracy in an underwater environment.

Main Methods:

Development of an underwater two-way time transfer system utilizing a green semiconductor laser.
Conducting a time transfer experiment over a 6-meter underwater link.

Main Results:

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The system achieved a total root mean square (RMS) timing drift of approximately 345 picoseconds (ps) over 20,000 seconds.
Time stability measurements showed a time deviation of 257 ps at a 1-second averaging time and 48 ps at a 1000-second averaging time.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated optical technique enables sub-nanosecond underwater time transfer.
This method provides critical support for developing advanced underwater sub-nanosecond synchronization systems.