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Addressing Sustainability Challenges in Peptide Synthesis with Flow Chemistry and Machine Learning.

Kristóf Ferentzi1,2, Viktor Farkas3, András Perczel2,3

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Summary

This study introduces a novel Anisole/DMSO solvent mixture for efficient peptide synthesis, significantly reducing toxic waste and improving coupling. This green chemistry approach enhances speed and purity in solid-phase peptide synthesis.

Keywords:
cost effectiveflow peptide chemistrygreen chemistrysolvent recyclingsustainability

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Current peptide production methods are costly and generate significant toxic waste.
  • N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) replacement efforts have shown limited success.
  • Need for sustainable and efficient peptide synthesis technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a greener and more efficient peptide synthesis method.
  • To identify optimal solvent mixtures for improved coupling and Fmoc-cleavage.
  • To minimize side reactions like racemization and aspartimide formation.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of solvent parameter space to identify optimal mixtures.
  • Testing of solvent mixtures for swelling, solubility, coupling, and Fmoc-cleavage.
  • Synthesis of challenging peptide sequences (Scorpion Toxin II, JR10-mer) to validate solvent performance.
  • Optimization of Fmoc-cleavage using Bayesian Optimization (machine learning).
  • High-temperature solid-phase peptide synthesis.

Main Results:

  • An Anisole/DMSO (17:3) mixture was identified as ideal for coupling.
  • Racemization was reduced to <2% for His and <1% for Cys.
  • Optimized Fmoc-cleavage parameters minimized aspartimide formation.
  • Successful synthesis of complex peptides (Aib-ACP, GLP-1, BPTI) with high efficiency and speed (12 min/cycle).

Conclusions:

  • The developed method offers a sustainable and efficient alternative to current peptide synthesis technologies.
  • The Anisole/DMSO mixture and optimized parameters enable high-speed, high-purity peptide production.
  • This approach is suitable for high-temperature synthetic strategies and surpasses existing methods.