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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Purification of a High Molecular Mass Protein in Streptococcus mutans
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Defense Systems and Prophage Detection in Streptococcus mutans Strains.

Olivier Claisse1, Cas Mosterd1, Claire Le Marrec1

  • 1University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1366, OENO, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France.

Molecular Oral Microbiology
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Streptococcus mutans possesses diverse antiphage defense systems (APDSs), primarily restriction-modification systems. Researchers identified novel variations in CRISPR-Cas systems and a unique prophage, offering insights into bacterial adaptation to phage pressure.

Keywords:
Streptococcus mutansbioinformaticsimmunology

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Limited data exists on antiphage defense systems (APDSs) in Streptococcus mutans.
  • S. mutans is extensively studied, but its phage defense mechanisms are underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diversity and occurrence of APDSs in clinical S. mutans isolates.
  • To identify prophages within the genomes of these isolates using bioinformatics tools.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic DNA from 44 clinical S. mutans isolates was sequenced.
  • DefenseFinder, PADLOC, CRISPRCasFinder, and PhiSpy were used to analyze APDSs and prophages.
  • AcrFinder and AcrHub identified anti-CRISPR proteins.

Main Results:

  • Each S. mutans strain harbored 6-12 APDSs, with restriction-modification systems being most common.
  • Novel variations in type II-A Cas9 protein were found, and 80% of spacers targeted unknown entities.
  • A unique prophage, phi_37bPJ2, was detected, encoding a conserved anti-CRISPR protein (AcrIIA5).

Conclusions:

  • S. mutans exhibits diverse APDSs, with a limited presence of prophages.
  • Findings provide a basis for understanding S. mutans adaptation to phage pressure and APDS evolution.