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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

3.1K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
1.0K
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.7K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Patterns of Fever01:26

Patterns of Fever

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Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

11.2K
Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
11.2K
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

6.8K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

A Data-Driven Approach to Quantifying Immune States in Sepsis
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A Data-Driven Approach to Quantifying Immune States in Sepsis

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Exploring Novel Data-Driven Clustering Methods for Uncovering Patterns in Longitudinal Neonatal Postoperative

Stephanie M Helman1, Nathan T Riek2, Susan M Sereika3

  • 1School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Digital Health
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonates with congenital heart defects undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) show distinct postoperative temperature patterns. Persistent hypothermia after CPB increases the risk of complications in these infants.

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Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
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Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Neonatal Surgery
  • Machine Learning in Medicine

Background:

  • Postoperative temperature management is critical for neonates with congenital heart defects (CHDs) following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  • Understanding distinct temperature trajectories can inform risk stratification and improve patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify unique postoperative temperature patterns in neonates with CHDs after CPB using unsupervised machine learning.
  • To compare the performance of different clustering methods (GBTM, SOM, k-means) in identifying these temperature trajectories.
  • To evaluate the prognostic value of identified temperature clusters on postoperative complications.

Main Methods:

  • A secondary analysis of prospective data from 450 neonates who underwent CPB was conducted.
  • Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM), self-organizing maps (SOM), and k-means clustering were used to identify 3 postoperative temperature clusters (persistent hypothermia, resolving hypothermia, normothermia).
  • The association between temperature clusters and a composite outcome of postoperative complications was assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • All three clustering methods identified distinct temperature trajectories: persistent hypothermia, resolving hypothermia, and normothermia.
  • Strong agreement was observed between GBTM and SOM (κ=0.92), while agreement between GBTM and k-means was weaker (κ=0.41).
  • Neonates in the persistent hypothermia group had significantly higher odds of postoperative complications compared to normothermic neonates in GBTM (OR 2.8) and SOM (OR 2.3) models.

Conclusions:

  • Machine learning techniques effectively delineate distinct postoperative temperature trajectories in neonates after CPB.
  • Persistent hypothermia post-CPB is a significant predictor of adverse outcomes in this vulnerable population.
  • GBTM and SOM demonstrate strong concordance and prognostic value for identifying high-risk neonates based on temperature patterns.