Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 30, 2026

11:34
Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
Published on: January 10, 2013
23.6K
BurstDR spinal cord stimulation for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Dmytro Iovenko1, Stephen Jaffee2, Michael Patterson2
1College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
Surgical Neurology International
|November 11, 2025
Summary
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) effectively reduced severe neuropathic pain in a patient with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP). This treatment offers significant relief for debilitating pain associated with CIDP.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Immunology
- Pain Management
Background:
- Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an immune-mediated disorder affecting the myelin sheath, causing muscle weakness and sensory loss.
- Neuropathic pain is a frequent and disabling symptom in CIDP patients.
- Standard treatments include immunoglobulin therapy, with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) considered for refractory cases.
Related Concept Videos
Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that include the...
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that include the...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology
The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

