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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
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Consider a jib crane with an external load suspended from the pulley. The dimensions of the crane members are shown in the figure. A systematic analysis of the frame structure is required to determine the reaction forces at the pin joints, assuming that the pulleys are frictionless.
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Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
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Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

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Phenotyping Functional Gait Disorder: An Exploratory Analysis of Existing Frameworks.

Sara Issak1,2, Richard Kanaan3, Natalie A Fini1

  • 1Department of Physiotherapy, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Existing frameworks struggle to classify functional neurological disorder gait phenotypes, with low agreement between raters. Further research is needed to develop a reliable classification system for this disabling condition.

Keywords:
classificationfunctional gait disorderfunctional neurological disordergaitphenotypes

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical assessment
  • Movement disorders

Background:

  • Functional neurological disorder (FND) presents significant gait impairment.
  • Current classification methods for functional gait disorder (FGD) phenotypes lack standardization.
  • Six phenotypic frameworks have been proposed but their efficacy is unproven.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the utility of existing frameworks in classifying FGD videos.
  • To determine inter-rater reliability for these classifications.
  • To identify limitations in current FGD phenotyping.

Main Methods:

  • Observational study design with inter-rater reliability assessment.
  • Five raters evaluated 34 FGD videos using six distinct phenotypic frameworks.
  • Krippendorf's alpha was employed to quantify inter-rater agreement.

Main Results:

  • The Fung (2016) and Baik and Lang (2007) frameworks showed the highest classification rates (85% and 82%).
  • Other frameworks classified between 53-65% of videos.
  • Consistently low inter-rater agreement was observed across all frameworks (K-alpha: 0.287-0.507).

Conclusions:

  • Current phenotypic frameworks demonstrate limited ability to categorize FGD videos comprehensively.
  • No single framework could classify all observed cases.
  • Low inter-rater reliability highlights the need for a more robust and standardized classification system for FGD.