Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

7.0K
In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
7.0K
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

18.7K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
18.7K
X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

41.5K
The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
41.5K
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

9.4K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
9.4K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

4.1K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
4.1K
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

17.8K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
17.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SIRT7 regulates dosage compensation and safeguards the female X chromosome.

Nature·2026
Same author

Cleavage region organizes the structural architecture of the SINE-derived B2 repressive ribozyme.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Rearrangement of 3D genome organization in breast cancer epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis organotropism.

eLife·2025
Same author

<i>Xist</i> RNA binds select autosomal genes and depends on Repeat B to regulate their expression.

eLife·2025
Same author

An evolving landscape of PRC2-RNA interactions in chromatin regulation.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2025
Same author

7SL RNA and signal recognition particle orchestrate a global cellular response to acute thermal stress.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Kat5 deficiency in alveolar type II cells licenses STAT6-driven glycolytic reprogramming and pulmonary fibrosis.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Continuous nonthermal slab gap formed by progressive tearing beneath Northeast Asia.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Zeolitic isolated protonic acid sites-mediated NH<sub>3</sub> storage for robust NO<sub>x</sub> removal.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Coaxially nested component with asymmetric fiber resonant cavity and separation membrane for gaseous and dissolved gases detection.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Near-unity charge readout signal in a nonlinear resonator without matching the sensor dissipation.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Prokaryotic Schlafen proteins cleave tRNAs during type III CRISPR immunity.

Nature communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization
17:14

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

14.5K

Dynamic dosage changes in X-linked transposable elements during mammalian dosage compensation.

Chunyao Wei1,2, Barry Kesner1,2, Uri Weissbein1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Nature Communications
|November 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements on the X chromosome are silenced during X-chromosome inactivation, but not during X-chromosome hyperactivation. Their silencing depends on factors like parental origin and genomic location.

More Related Videos

A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome
08:27

A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome

Published on: May 22, 2019

6.7K
Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
04:04

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity

Published on: January 20, 2023

2.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization
17:14

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

14.5K
A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome
08:27

A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome

Published on: May 22, 2019

6.7K
Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
04:04

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity

Published on: January 20, 2023

2.7K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mammalian X-chromosome dosage compensation balances sex chromosome dosage between males and females.
  • X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) and X-chromosome-autosome balance (XAB) are key processes.
  • Previous studies overlooked transposable elements (TEs), which constitute 50% of the X chromosome and have epigenetic roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of X-chromosome inactivation and X-chromosome hyperactivation on X-linked transposable elements.
  • To develop and apply a novel bioinformatic pipeline for analyzing repetitive elements with allelic discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a specialized bioinformatic pipeline for repetitive element analysis.
  • Application of the pipeline to single-embryo So-Smart-Seq data.
  • Analysis of transposable element silencing patterns under different X-chromosome inactivation modes.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in transposable element silencing were observed between imprinted and random X-chromosome inactivation.
  • Transposable element silencing is influenced by chromosomal position, genetic background, and evolutionary age.
  • Transposable elements do not undergo X-chromosome hyperactivation.

Conclusions:

  • X-linked transposable elements are subject to X-chromosome inactivation, with silencing patterns varying based on inactivation mode and other factors.
  • Transposable elements are not regulated by X-chromosome hyperactivation.
  • These findings have significant evolutionary and functional implications for understanding X-chromosome regulation.