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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Dna methylation dynamics associated with visual system remodeling during flatfish metamorphosis.

Laura Guerrero-Peña1, Paula Suarez-Bregua2, Nuria Sánchez-Baizán3

  • 1Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Eudardo Cabello, Vigo, 36208, Spain.

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|November 11, 2025
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Summary

DNA methylation dynamics are crucial for flatfish metamorphosis, influencing eye migration and visual system adaptation. This study reveals specific epigenetic changes during turbot development, highlighting the role of DNA methylation in vertebrate remodeling.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigeneticEyesMetamorphosisTurbot

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Comparative Genomics

Background:

  • Flatfish metamorphosis involves significant tissue remodeling, including eye migration for benthic adaptation.
  • The precise transcriptional regulation is known, but epigenetic mechanisms are poorly understood.
  • This study focuses on DNA methylation dynamics during turbot metamorphosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate DNA methylation patterns during turbot metamorphosis.
  • To understand the role of epigenetic mechanisms in flatfish eye migration.
  • To explore the link between DNA methylation and visual system remodeling.

Main Methods:

  • Reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) was employed.
  • Analysis was conducted across three key developmental stages: pre-metamorphosis, climax, and post-metamorphosis.
  • Gene expression analysis of key regulators was performed.

Main Results:

  • Stage-specific DNA methylation patterns were identified, with significant hypermethylation during climax.
  • Upregulation of de novo methyltransferase (dnmt3a) and altered photoreceptor gene expression were observed.
  • Divergent methylation and expression of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) regulators were found in migrating versus non-migrating eyes.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation likely plays a role in visual system remodeling during metamorphosis.
  • Epigenetic changes are linked to RGC-mediated eye migration and light-sensing adaptation.
  • This research provides new insights into the epigenetic regulation of vertebrate metamorphosis.