Cytopathology in Taiwan: Historical Perspectives, Current Practices, and Future Directions

Although cytology has long been regarded as a traditional diagnostic tool, its development has varied across different healthcare systems. This review outlines the historical evolution and contemporary practice of cytology in Taiwan, addressing both gynecologic and non-gynecologic cytology. Cytology was first introduced to Taiwan in the 1950s with early contributions from specialists in pathology, pulmonology, gynecology, and endocrinology who established diagnostic services and training programs. These initiatives enhanced diagnostic accuracy, informed clinical management, and, through policy-driven cervical cancer screening programs, contributed to a substantial decline in disease incidence and mortality. Progress was further consolidated by the implementation of quality assurance protocols and the formal training of cytotechnologists. The adoption of internationally recognized reporting frameworks, such as the Bethesda, Paris, and Milan systems, has aligned local practice with global standards. Technological innovations, including liquid-based cytology, cell block techniques, and rapid on-site evaluation, have become integral to routine workflows, reinforcing diagnostic reliability. More recently, advances in digital cytopathology and artificial intelligence are beginning to reshape diagnostic practice and quality control.