Evaluation and research progress on rodent models of late-onset hypogonadism: a comprehensive review

Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), characterized by the intersection of aging and androgen deficiency, impacts the health of approximately 2%-39% of middle-aged and elderly men, underscoring the need for comprehensive research. Animal models, serving as analogs of human diseases, are indispensable for investigating disease mechanisms and facilitating drug development. However, the diverse array of animal models utilized for LOH research has led to a lack of standardized modeling approaches and evaluation systems, potentially impeding progress in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutic development. In this paper, we summarize and compile the characteristics, methods, and evaluation systems of rodent models for LOH research reported in the literature, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each model, to facilitate the optimal choice and development of rodent models for LOH research.