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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...

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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery
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PRECONDITIONING OF PORCINE FLEXOR TENDONS FOR APPLICATION IN RECONSTRUCTION OF HAND FLEXOR TENDONS.

Raquel Bernardelli Iamaguchi1, Cesar Augusto Martins Pereira1, Gustavo Bispo Dos Santos1

  • 1Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clinicas, Grupo de Cirurgia da Mao e Microcirurgia Reconstrutiva, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Acta Ortopedica Brasileira
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Preconditioning porcine tendon grafts before hand flexor tendon reconstruction can optimize suture tension for early active mobility. This study suggests specific graft tensioning methods to improve surgical outcomes.

Keywords:
Active MobilitySuturesSwineTendons

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Tissue Mechanics

Background:

  • Achieving optimal suture tension in hand flexor tendon reconstruction is crucial for early active mobility.
  • Tendon graft preconditioning is explored as a method to determine ideal tension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if preconditioning tendon grafts can help identify ideal graft tension in chronic hand flexor tendon reconstructions.
  • To analyze the tension relaxation properties of porcine flexor tendons.

Main Methods:

  • Porcine flexor tendons underwent tension relaxation tests with three cycles up to 50 N tension and 300 seconds relaxation.
  • Measurements included maximum force, maximum tension, and maximum deformation.

Main Results:

  • Peak tension of 50 N resulted in an average tendon elongation of 2.3 mm and residual elongation of 0.6 mm.
  • Results demonstrated the viscoelastic spring characteristics of porcine tendons.

Conclusions:

  • Intraoperative preconditioning with loads of 50-70 N is recommended.
  • Alternatively, suture placement at 17 degrees of proximal interphalangeal joint flexion can compensate for 50 N load-induced elongation.