Effect of Environmental Factors on Bone Remodelling: A Narrative Review

Bone remodelling is a finely balanced process primarily maintained by two fundamental cell types: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect this process leading to pathological conditions such as osteoporosis. This narrative review focuses on some of the key environmental factors affecting bone remodelling including physical activity, lifestyle factors, nutrition, pollution, medications, and environmental stressors. We will attempt to identify some of the key pathways affected, and how this impacts bone health, whilst using this knowledge to look at possible therapeutic options.