Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

632
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
632
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

828
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
828

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neuronal responses to cytokines limit intestinal hypermotility and systemic effects of colonic inflammation.

iScience·2026
Same author

Human enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) infections elicit antibodies that broadly neutralize mucinases of pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Shigella</i>.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

The B cell receptor-mTOR signaling axis restricts the accumulation of lung tissue-resident memory B cells after influenza infection.

Science immunology·2026
Same author

Soluble Antigen Arrays Alter the Response of Epitope-Specific Diabetogenic T Cells.

ACS applied bio materials·2026
Same author

Soluble Antigen Array Displaying Proinsulin(F25D) Selectively Targets Anti-insulin B Cells without Hormonal Effects.

Molecular pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

The Role of Proteases in Epithelial Dysregulation in Fungal Sinusitis.

International forum of allergy & rhinology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles
09:06

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Published on: January 2, 2014

15.1K

Engineered Nonhormonal, Cationic Proinsulin Variants Prolong Lymphatic Drainage.

Grant M Downes1, Amber S Griffith2, Kyle D Apley3

  • 1Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 United States.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers engineered proinsulin variants with cationic tails to improve antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) for type 1 diabetes. This modification slows antigen release, enhancing immune tolerance and potentially reducing the need for broad immunosuppression.

Keywords:
antigen-specific immunotherapycationic proinsulinlymphatic transportslow antigen releasesubcutaneous injectiontype 1 diabetes

More Related Videos

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices
06:34

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

591
Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

23.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles
09:06

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Published on: January 2, 2014

15.1K
Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices
06:34

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

591
Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

23.9K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes involves autoantibodies targeting pancreatic islet autoantigens, notably proinsulin.
  • Current antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) faces challenges due to poor antigen stability and rapid clearance.
  • Existing ASIT often necessitates global immunosuppression, carrying significant side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer stable, nonhormonal proinsulin variants for enhanced antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT).
  • To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these modified proinsulin variants.
  • To assess the potential of these variants to improve ASIT efficacy in type 1 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered nonhormonal proinsulin variants with C-terminal cationic peptide tails.
  • Assessed binding affinity to anti-insulin antibodies and insulin receptor.
  • Evaluated physical stability and diffusion characteristics in a hyaluronic acid gel model.
  • Simulated subcutaneous injection to observe antigen release kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Cationic proinsulin variants maintained low-nM binding affinity to anti-insulin antibodies and low insulin receptor affinity.
  • Variants exhibited physical stability comparable to native proinsulin.
  • Cationic modification significantly slowed proinsulin diffusion, creating a depot effect and prolonging antigen presence.
  • Slowed release led to sustained proinsulin accumulation in draining lymph nodes.

Conclusions:

  • Cationic modification of proinsulin offers a promising strategy for developing depot-like antigen delivery systems.
  • This approach may enhance ASIT efficacy by prolonging antigen exposure and targeting lymph nodes.
  • The engineered variants hold potential for improving type 1 diabetes treatment by promoting immune tolerance without global immunosuppression.