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Rapid in-silico Battery Electrolyte Electrochemical Reaction Generation using 3T-VASP Multi-Scale Energy Minimization

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Multiscale Ion-Electron Transport in 3D-Printed Hierarchically Porous Full Batteries.

Teng Wang¹, Lei Feng², Bohua Su³

¹School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 12, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a 3D-printed lithium cobalt oxide//lithium titanate full battery using a porous graphene and carbon nanotube framework. This advanced battery offers high capacity, excellent stability, and practical power for electronic devices.

Keywords:

3D printing conductive network full battery hierarchical porosity multiscale transport

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Additive Manufacturing

Background:

Next-generation energy storage requires advanced manufacturing for precision and scalability.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a transformative approach for creating complex energy storage architectures.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a 3D-printed lithium cobalt oxide//lithium titanate (LiCoO2//Li4Ti5O12) full battery.
To investigate the use of a hierarchically porous and conductive reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes (rGO-CNTs) framework for enhanced ion-electron transport.

Main Methods:

Utilized three-dimensional (3D) printing for battery fabrication.
Incorporated a reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes (rGO-CNTs) composite framework.
Fabricated a LiCoO2//Li4Ti5O12 full battery architecture.

Main Results:

Achieved a high capacity of 151.4 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C.
Demonstrated superior rate performance and outstanding cycling stability (97.1% capacity retention after 3000 cycles).
Successfully powered a digital stopwatch, showcasing practical device applicability.

Conclusions:

The 3D-printed battery with an rGO-CNTs framework enables high performance and durability.
This study advances the digital manufacturing of customizable, high-performance 3D-printed batteries for next-generation energy systems.