Lifestyle medicine in Parkinson's disease

Lifestyle medicine is an evolving concept integrating preventive and therapeutic approaches related to physical activity, nutrition, sleep, stress management, social interaction, and cessation of substance abuse aiming to optimize health outcomes. Lifestyle consultation plays an essential and constantly growing role in clinical settings. In this review, we highlight the usability of lifestyle medicine as a framework for both well-established and novel roles of environmental triggers and non-pharmacological prevention and treatment in Parkinson's Disease (PD). We summarize the current understanding of the modulation of PD risk and progression by lifestyle-related domains and provide a review of recent insights from approaches targeting physical activity and stress management as well as dietary interventions, including general dietary patterns, individual food groups, supplements, and microbiota-directed strategies in the context of PD. Importantly, we also identify current knowledge gaps and provide an outlook for future strategies to implement multidimensional, disease-specific, and stratified lifestyle medicine in the prevention and treatment of PD.