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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals
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Charge Disproportionation at Twisted SrTiO3 Bilayer Interface Driven by Local Atomic Registry.

Min-Su Kim1, Kyoungjun Lee2, Ryo Ishikawa3

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.

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|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created twisted strontium titanate (SrTiO3) membranes, revealing moiré patterns with unique charge states. This discovery enables control over complex oxide materials for novel electronic properties.

Keywords:
Moiré superlatticescharge disproportionationflat bandsfreestanding oxidesscanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Complex oxides exhibit exotic quantum phenomena due to coupled lattice, orbital, and charge properties.
  • Freestanding membranes and twisted heterostructures offer new avenues for material design via moiré engineering.
  • Local lattice control is key to unlocking novel functionalities in oxide materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate moiré crystals using twisted freestanding complex oxide membranes.
  • To investigate the charge states and structural properties at the moiré interface.
  • To explore the potential for novel electronic phases driven by moiré phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of twisted bilayers from freestanding SrTiO3 membranes.
  • Depth-sectioning electron microscopy for atomic-level imaging of moiré interfaces.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) modeling to predict electronic band structures.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created moiré crystals with commensurate structure at the coincidence site lattice.
  • Resolved moiré periodic structure and observed lattice-dependent charge disproportionation.
  • DFT predicts a two-dimensional flat band at the twisted interface, potentially driving exotic electronic phases.

Conclusions:

  • A robust strategy for controlling moiré periodicity in twisted oxides has been established.
  • Moiré lattice engineering in oxides facilitates charge-orbital correlations.
  • This approach opens pathways to exploit extraordinary functionalities in complex oxide heterostructures.