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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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Light-emitting anticancer Pt-cyclometalated phenanthroimidazole complexes.

Somayee Heydari1, Hashem Shahroosvand1, Abbas Bahari2

  • 1Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New platinum-based anticancer drugs show promise. These luminescent compounds selectively target cancer cells, offering potential for more effective and less toxic chemotherapy.

Keywords:
AnticancerG-quadruplex recognitionLuminescenceMetal complexesPhenanthroimidazole ligandsPt-cyclometalated complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Developing selective cancer chemotherapy agents with reduced toxicity is a significant challenge.
  • Platinum-based drugs are widely used but often lack selectivity.
  • Targeting cancer cells while sparing healthy cells is crucial for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel platinum-cyclometalated complexes with phenanthroimidazole ligands.
  • To evaluate the potential of these complexes as selective anticancer agents with reduced toxicity.
  • To explore the relationship between molecular structure, photoluminescence, and anticancer activity.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of four new Pt-cyclometalated complexes.
  • Evaluation of photoluminescence properties (emission color, quantum yield).
  • Biological assays including flow cytometry, cell cycle analysis, and MTT assays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cancer cells.
  • DNA binding studies (dsDNA and G4DNA).

Main Results:

  • The synthesized complexes exhibited tunable emission from blue to green with high photoluminescence quantum yields (>60%).
  • Complexes with simpler imidazole frameworks showed potent anticancer activity and lower toxicity to normal cells.
  • Stronger anticancer effects correlated with higher quantum yields and enhanced binding affinity to dsDNA and G4DNA.

Conclusions:

  • Phenanthroimidazole-containing Pt-cyclometalated complexes are promising luminescent anticancer agents.
  • Molecular engineering allows tuning of photophysical properties and anticancer efficacy.
  • These complexes hold potential for selective and efficient cancer therapy with reduced side effects.