Autism spectrum disorder in Saudi Arabia: Clinical dynamics from a multi-center study

Area of Science:

• Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• Pediatric Psychology
• Clinical Genetics

Background:

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication and social interaction.
• Understanding factors influencing ASD presentation is vital for effective intervention in diverse populations.
• Limited research exists on ASD clinical variability within Saudi Arabia.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate demographic, medical, and environmental factors influencing the clinical presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children in Saudi Arabia.
• To examine the relationship between these factors and specific ASD symptoms, including behavioral and self-care challenges.
• To inform targeted interventions and support strategies for children with ASD in the region.

Main Methods:

• A multi-center, cross-sectional study involving 104 children diagnosed with ASD in Saudi Arabia.
• Data collection through structured parent interviews.
• Statistical analysis to assess correlations between demographic variables, therapy engagement, self-care skills, and clinical symptoms.

Main Results:

• Male children showed a higher likelihood of hyperactivity (p=0.037).
• Age significantly correlated with delayed speech (p=0.003), aggression (p=0.034), attention deficits (p=0.006), sleep issues (p=0.001), and anxiety (p=0.007).
• Self-care abilities, like dressing and bathroom independence, improved with age (p<0.05). Speech and behavioral therapies were most common, with varied durations of occupational therapy.

Conclusions:

• Demographic and environmental factors significantly shape the clinical presentation of ASD in Saudi Arabia.
• Early diagnosis and individualized interventions are essential for addressing ASD challenges.
• Improving access to therapies and enhancing parental support are critical for managing hyperactivity, learning difficulties, and self-care deficits.