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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Paracrine Signaling01:21

Paracrine Signaling

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Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Ensembles in Networks of Primary Sensory Neurons in Intact Trigeminal Ganglia
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Not Just Neurons: Pain Is Orchestrated in Partnership with Many Non-neuronal Cells.

Ewan St John Smith1, Michael D Burton2, Anne-Marie Heegaard3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom es336@cam.ac.uk.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
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Summary

This review explores how non-neuronal cells, not just sensory neurons, influence pain signaling. Targeting these cells may offer new pain relief strategies with fewer side effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pain significantly impacts daily life and has socioeconomic consequences.
  • Recent advances in understanding sensory neuron function in preclinical models have not translated to many new approved analgesics.
  • Novel pain therapies are needed, with limited recent regulatory approvals for new targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To shift focus from sensory neurons to non-neuronal cells in pain modulation.
  • To explore the role of non-neuronal cells in orchestrating pain across various conditions.
  • To investigate the potential of targeting non-neuronal cells for pain management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical models and existing literature on pain mechanisms.
  • Examination of the molecular basis of sensory neuron function.
  • Analysis of the role of non-neuronal cells in modulating sensory neuron activity.

Main Results:

  • Non-neuronal cells play key roles in orchestrating pain.
  • Targeting peripherally located non-neuronal cells may bypass central nervous system side effects.
  • Diverse conditions, including joint pain, bone pain, and neuropathic pain, involve non-neuronal cell modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Non-neuronal cells are critical modulators of pain signaling.
  • Targeting non-neuronal cells presents a promising avenue for developing novel analgesics.
  • Understanding non-neuronal cell involvement is crucial for treating a wide range of pain conditions.