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Users evaluating physical, virtual, and mixed reality prototypes exhibit differential DLPFC brain activity.

Henrikke Dybvik1, Christopher Cox1, Isabelle Ormerod1

  • 1University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Scientific Reports
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Mixed reality (MR) prototypes impact brain activity differently than physical or virtual ones during product evaluation. Understanding these cognitive process differences is crucial for effective product development.

Keywords:
Head-mounted displayMixed realityPrototypingUser studyVirtual realityfNIRS

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Neuroscience
  • Product Development

Background:

  • Mixed reality (MR) is increasingly used in product development for prototyping.
  • Its effect on cognitive processes during final product evaluation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how physical, virtual, and MR prototypes influence users' cognitive processes.
  • To measure brain activity (DLPFC via fNIRS), subjective workload, and affective state.

Main Methods:

  • 88 participants evaluated a power drill prototype in physical, virtual, or MR formats.
  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity.
  • Subjective workload and affective state were also assessed.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in DLPFC haemoglobin concentration changes were observed across prototype modes (physical, virtual, MR) and tasks (evaluation, design change).
  • Some differences in physical demand and subjective performance were noted between groups.
  • Subjective workload and affective state measures did not significantly differ across groups.

Conclusions:

  • Prototype representation mode significantly affects users' DLPFC brain activity, suggesting differing cognitive processes.
  • The choice of prototype representation is a critical consideration in product development and evaluation.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these cognitive differences.