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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

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Overview
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Introduction to Lymphatic and Immune System01:22

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Immunity is a crucial biological concept about our body's inherent capacity to prevent infections and diseases. A complex network of cells and tissues collectively known as the immune system facilitates this natural defense mechanism. The immune system plays an integral role in maintaining our health and well-being, shielding us from potential health threats.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses
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Introduction to Oral Immunity.

Heliya Ziaei1, Nima Rezaei2,3,4,5

  • 1Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The oral immune system balances tolerance and defense, crucial for preventing pathogen entry and maintaining health. Disruptions can lead to local and systemic diseases, highlighting the need for targeted therapies.

Keywords:
Oral immunityOral immunologyOral inflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oral Biology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • The oral cavity possesses a sophisticated immune system, including epithelial barriers, salivary factors, and resident immune cells.
  • This system maintains tolerance to commensal microbes and dietary antigens while defending against pathogens.
  • Dysregulation of oral immunity contributes to local inflammation and systemic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of oral immunological components and their functions.
  • To emphasize the dual role of oral immunity in maintaining tolerance and initiating defense.
  • To explore therapeutic targets and novel technologies in oral immunology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oral immunology.
  • Discussion of immune mechanisms in craniofacial development and bone remodeling.
  • Highlighting advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), spatial transcriptomics, metagenomics, and multi-omics integration.

Main Results:

  • Oral immune dysbiosis can lead to local inflammatory conditions and systemic immune disturbances.
  • Immune mechanisms are critical for craniofacial development and bone regeneration.
  • Novel technologies enable high-resolution characterization of oral immune interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Oral immunity is vital for linking local mucosal defense with systemic immune responses.
  • Understanding oral immune mechanisms is crucial for disease pathogenesis and targeted interventions.
  • Therapeutic strategies like immune checkpoint inhibitors and microbiome-directed therapies show promise for restoring immune balance.