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Related Concept Videos

The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Plants have the impressive ability to create their own food through photosynthesis. However, plants often require assistance from organisms in the soil to acquire the nutrients they need to function correctly. Both bacteria and fungi have evolved symbiotic relationships with plants that help the species to thrive in a wide variety of environments.
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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter
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Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

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Potential Hypotheses Predicting Leaf Litter Nitrogen and Phosphorus Patterns at the Global Scale.

Yajun Xie1, Jiacheng Yan1, Yonghong Xie2

  • 1College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Leaf litter nitrogen and phosphorus patterns are influenced by climate and plant type. Current models need revision as factors affecting litter differ from those affecting green leaves.

Keywords:
Soil Substrate Age hypothesisSpecies Composition hypothesisTemperature–Plant Physiological hypothesisleaf litter Nleaf litter Pplant functional typesoil nutrient

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • Climate influences leaf nutrient patterns via direct physiological effects, soil nutrients, or species composition.
  • Understanding these influences on leaf litter stoichiometry is crucial but remains unresolved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of different hypotheses in predicting leaf litter nitrogen and phosphorus patterns globally.
  • To determine the relative importance of environmental and biological factors on leaf litter stoichiometry.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 4657 global observations of leaf litter nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and N/P ratios.
  • Evaluation of the Temperature-Plant Physiology, Soil Substrate Age, and Species Composition hypotheses for predicting latitudinal patterns.

Main Results:

  • Leaf litter stoichiometries varied significantly among plant functional types.
  • Litter N and N/P ratios decreased with latitude, while P increased.
  • The Species Composition hypothesis best predicted latitudinal P patterns, but no hypothesis accurately predicted litter N.
  • Plant functional type, soil pH, and climate were key drivers of litter N, P, and N/P ratios, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanisms controlling litter stoichiometry differ fundamentally from those of green leaves.
  • Existing biogeochemical models and plant nutrition paradigms require revision to account for these differences.