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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
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Exploring Morphologic and Functional Variants in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: An Echocardiographic and Doppler Review

Kamil Stankowski1, Fabrizio Celeste1, Manuela Muratori1

  • 1Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via C. Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Echocardiography is key for diagnosing and monitoring hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This review details assessing diverse HCM phenotypes and related anatomical variations using echocardiography for accurate diagnosis and management.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a myocardial disorder with varied presentations.
  • Echocardiography is the primary diagnostic tool for HCM.
  • Understanding HCM phenotypes is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review echocardiographic assessment of diverse HCM morphologic phenotypes.
  • To highlight diagnostic nuances and imaging challenges in HCM.
  • To examine anatomical variants contributing to HCM phenotypes and obstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Focused review of echocardiographic assessment techniques for HCM.
  • Analysis of distinct HCM phenotypes (e.g., asymmetric septal, concentric, apical).
  • Evaluation of left ventricular apical aneurysm flow, intraventricular gradients, and mitral valve anatomy.

Main Results:

  • Echocardiography effectively identifies various HCM phenotypes.
  • Specific techniques are essential for assessing dynamic gradients and flow patterns.
  • Mitral valve anatomy and variants significantly influence obstruction and HCM expression.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive echocardiography is vital for diagnosing and stratifying HCM.
  • Recognizing diverse phenotypes and anatomical variants improves diagnostic accuracy.
  • Echocardiography guides longitudinal monitoring and risk stratification in HCM patients.

Keywords:
echocardiographyhypertrophic cardiomyopathyleft ventricular apical aneurysmleft ventricular outflow gradientmitral valvesystolic anterior movement

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