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Corticosteroid Usage in Modeling Gulf War Illness in Pre-Clinical Models: A Systematic Review.

Lily Tehrani1, Chetana Movva2, Joshua Frank1

  • 1Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.

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|November 13, 2025
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Summary

Corticosteroids may worsen Gulf War Illness (GWI) symptoms. Preclinical studies show these drugs exacerbate neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction, suggesting caution is needed for GWI patients.

Keywords:
Gulf War Illness (GWI)HPA axis dysfunctioncognitive impairment neurotoxicitycorticosteroids (CORT)epigenetic changesimmune suppressionneuroinflammationoxidative stresspro-inflammatory cytokines

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic condition linked to neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction.
  • Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs with potential roles in GWI pathophysiology.
  • Previous research has explored corticosteroid effects in GWI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review studies on corticosteroid effects in Gulf War Illness.
  • To evaluate the impact of corticosteroids on neuroinflammation and immune responses in GWI models.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of eight studies examining corticosteroid effects.
  • Analysis of preclinical models investigating GWI pathophysiology.
  • Evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.

Main Results:

  • Preclinical models showed corticosteroids exacerbated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes.
  • Corticosteroid exposure alongside Gulf War neurotoxicants increased pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and CCL2.
  • Findings suggest corticosteroids may worsen GWI symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Corticosteroids might exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes in Gulf War Illness.
  • Further clinical research is necessary to clarify the role of corticosteroids in GWI.
  • Caution is advised regarding corticosteroid use in GWI patients pending further investigation.